Sociology and the Power of Sanctions in Compliance

Sanctions, as defined within sociology, are ways of enforcing compliance with social norms. Sanctions are positive when they are used to celebrate conformity and negative when they are used to punish or discourage nonconformity. Either way, the use of sanctions and the outcomes they produce are used to encourage our conformity with social norms. For example, an individual who behaves appropriately in a given setting by being polite, socially engaged, or patient could be sanctioned with social approval. An individual who chooses to behave inappropriately by acting out of turn, saying or doing strange or unkind things, or expressing rudeness or impatience may be sanctioned with disapproval, expulsion, or more severe consequences, depending on the situation. How Sanctions Relate to Social Norms Social norms are expected behaviors that are agreed upon by a social group. Social norms are part of society as a whole (like using money as a tool for exchange) and of smaller groups (like wearing a business suit in a corporate setting). Social norms are thought to be necessary for social cohesion and interaction; without them, we could live in a chaotic, unstable, unpredictable, and noncooperative world. In fact, without them, we might not have a society. Societies, cultures, and groups often use sanctions to enforce compliance with their desired social norms. When an individual conforms—or does not conform—to the social norms, he or she may receive sanctions (consequences). In general, sanctions for conformity are positive while sanctions for nonconformity are negative. They can be informal sanctions such as shunning, humiliation, accolades, or awards to help shape the way individuals and institutions behave. Internal and External Sanctions Sanctions can be internal or external. Internal sanctions are consequences imposed by the individual, based on compliance with social norms. For example, an individual might suffer from embarrassment, shame, or depression as a result of noncompliance and associated exclusion from social groups. Imagine a child who decides to challenge social norms and authorities by stealing a candy bar from a store. Not being caught and without external sanctions, the child may feel miserable from guilt. Rather than eating the candy bar, the child then returns it and confesses guilt. This end result is the work of an internal sanction. External sanctions, on the other hand,  are consequences imposed by others and include things like expulsion from an organization, public humiliation, punishment by parents or elders, and arrest and imprisonment, and more. If a person breaks into and robs a store and is caught, there will be an arrest, an accusation of a crime, a court trial and the likelihood of being found guilty, and maybe jail time. What happens after the person is caught ​is a series of state-based external sanctions.​​​ Formal and Informal Sanctions Sanctions can be formal or informal. Formal sanctions are imposed through formal means by institutions or organizations upon other institutions, organizations, or upon individuals. They can be legal or based on an institutions formal code of rules and ethics. A nation that fails to comply with international law may be sanctioned, meaning that economic opportunities are withheld, assets are  frozen, or trade relationships are ended. Likewise, a student who plagiarizes a written assignment or cheats on a test may be sanctioned by the school with academic probation, suspension, or expulsion. To expand on the former example,  a nation that refuses to comply with an international ban on building nuclear weapons will face economic sanctions from nations that comply with the ban. As a result, the noncompliant country loses income, international status, and opportunities for growth as a result of the sanction. Informal sanctions are imposed by individuals or groups upon other individuals or groups without the use of a formal, institutional system. Scornful looks, shunning, boycotts, and other actions are forms of informal sanctioning. Take the example of a corporation whose products are made in factories in which child labor and abusive practices are rampant. Customers who object to this practice organize a boycott against the corporation. The corporation loses customers, sales, and income as a result of informal sanction.

Women Of Latin American Culture - 1759 Words

Women of Latin American culture have incessantly ensued the potent gender roles that have become a social construction of their society over innumerable decades. The profound author of Insurgent Mexico, John Reed, imparts his experiences with the revolutionary leaders of the Mexican Revolution, like Pancho Villa, and was able to witness their culture and more specifically the roles these Mexican women were forced to render by their chauvinistic counterparts. This period of revolution, started to grant women new mantles usually reserved only for men, like participating in fighting for the success of the revolution; any preeminent changes would soon approach, but in the meantime Mexican society run by men enjoyed the regulated traditional†¦show more content†¦In Reed’s accounts he expressed how he heard â€Å"the angry voice of the master of the house reminded the woman that she was not doing five or six things at once† in which his woman would then go attend to the orders he had just given (Reed, 17). There is an order of importance to note that Reed always refers to these Mexican women as the man’s woman and never their wife, however when he speaks through the woman’s account he refers to the man as their husband. There is more respect demanded from the women of Mexican culture during the early 1900s because the men viewed their laborious work that brings in money as a means to deserve to be treated like masters of their family. The specifically crafted language Reed uses when he speaks of the labor the women perform, can demonstrate that he realizes they are weary and overworked. Along with everything Reed includes when he is describing the women work, there is important to also note that he omits any complaints made by women to their husbands. Throughout the novel in any interaction between and man and his woman, never did the woman complain about her arduous work and the commands she received. The work women did in Mexica n culture is expected of them and it ties into machismo on part of the men because they feel their job is only to bring income while the wives took care of the rest. Taking this into account, Reed portrays these women to be tolerant and respectful not only to these men in their lives theyShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality During Latin American Countries1373 Words   |  6 Pages How has gender inequality affected women in Latin American countries? 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This helps her introduceRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1256 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important aspect of the Latin American culture has everything to do with honor. Women have the biggest responsibility when it comes to honor. Losing your honor might undoubtedly portray as the worst deed in this culture. In a Chronicle of a Death Foretold the author Gabriel Marquez demonstrates the horrifying actions taken when losing one’s honor. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the events that occurred in the novel and compare them to the same the culture and also the outcomes of goingRead MoreAnalysis Of Judith Cofer s Article And The Myth Of The Latin Woman Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesgender and culture. Roxanne Gay talks about the difficult struggles that women have to deal with such as the usage of birth control and the process of having an abortion. While Judith Cofer takes a similar route with a few differences. Her article talks specifically about the struggles of a Latin woman. Both articles talk about the obstacles women are faced with while also taking the time to focus on specific topics. â€Å"The Alienable Rights of Women† by Roxanne Gay and â€Å"The Myth o f the Latin Woman† byRead MoreA Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1253 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important aspect of the Latin American culture has everything to do with honor. Women have the biggest responsibility when it comes to honor. Losing your honor might undoubtedly portray as the worst deed in this culture. In a Chronicle of a Death Foretold the author Gabriel Marquez demonstrates the horrifying actions taken when losing one’s honor. 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Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction Gender roles are reported to be generally defined as sex-based categories that specify appropriate rules of conduct for males and females in a particular culture or society. Although grounded in biological differences between males and

Women Of Latin American Culture - 1759 Words

Women of Latin American culture have incessantly ensued the potent gender roles that have become a social construction of their society over innumerable decades. The profound author of Insurgent Mexico, John Reed, imparts his experiences with the revolutionary leaders of the Mexican Revolution, like Pancho Villa, and was able to witness their culture and more specifically the roles these Mexican women were forced to render by their chauvinistic counterparts. This period of revolution, started to grant women new mantles usually reserved only for men, like participating in fighting for the success of the revolution; any preeminent changes would soon approach, but in the meantime Mexican society run by men enjoyed the regulated traditional†¦show more content†¦In Reed’s accounts he expressed how he heard â€Å"the angry voice of the master of the house reminded the woman that she was not doing five or six things at once† in which his woman would then go attend to the orders he had just given (Reed, 17). There is an order of importance to note that Reed always refers to these Mexican women as the man’s woman and never their wife, however when he speaks through the woman’s account he refers to the man as their husband. There is more respect demanded from the women of Mexican culture during the early 1900s because the men viewed their laborious work that brings in money as a means to deserve to be treated like masters of their family. The specifically crafted language Reed uses when he speaks of the labor the women perform, can demonstrate that he realizes they are weary and overworked. Along with everything Reed includes when he is describing the women work, there is important to also note that he omits any complaints made by women to their husbands. Throughout the novel in any interaction between and man and his woman, never did the woman complain about her arduous work and the commands she received. The work women did in Mexica n culture is expected of them and it ties into machismo on part of the men because they feel their job is only to bring income while the wives took care of the rest. Taking this into account, Reed portrays these women to be tolerant and respectful not only to these men in their lives theyShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality During Latin American Countries1373 Words   |  6 Pages How has gender inequality affected women in Latin American countries? Gender inequality has affected the women of Latin America in a multitude of ways, but it can be argued that the division of gender equality is extremely prominent when analyzing reproductive rights and health care access. Compared to countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, Latin America is far behind in terms of civil rights and reproductive rights. The lack of rights is not in question; women’s barrierRead MoreIn The United States, Not Only Are Latin Women Being Misunderstood,1508 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, not only are Latin women being misunderstood, but African American women are also stereotyped by other people. Latin women are discriminated in their dressing and service occupations, while African American Americans are stereotyped in sexually promiscuous, caregiving role, and â€Å"welfare queens.† Both of them are victims of racial stereotypes, which affe ct them negatively on their identities and characteristics. However, the differentiation of their cultures makes them being stereotypedRead MoreComparison of Two Personal Narratives1264 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of social stratification is one that can be witnessed universally across all societies, irrespective of geography and culture. Every society has several layers of social strata and each individual falls into at least one of these categories. The determinants of social class are often variable but include factors such as power, wealth, education, religion, culture and ethnicity (Victorian web, 2002). Inevitably when there is a system of social classification, there will be some friction betweenRead MoreWhat Has Westernisation Influenced Perceptions Of Motherhood Within Latin American Society?974 Words   |  4 Pages To what extent has westernisation influenced perceptions of motherhood within Latin American society? Introduce topic Chapter 1: Maternal love and Womanhood: to what extent is Motherhood the product of socially constructed norms and what are the means of the construction of the maternal figure? Motherhood as a social construct in general: Since the beginning of time, motherhood has been seen as synonymous with womanhood and the female experience. The female body has set out women’s role as oneRead MoreNarrative by Judith Ortiz Cofer Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagesdealing with stereotypes and common misconceptions of Latin American women. To further engage her audience in the story, she provides detailed past experiences that have stood out to her the most. In order for the readers to fully understand those past encounters, some of which are cultural and common among Latinos, Cofer explains them in careful detail. For example, Cofer explains the concept of piropos which are poems composed on the spot by men to women as a form of admiration. This helps her introduceRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Marquez1256 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important aspect of the Latin American culture has everything to do with honor. Women have the biggest responsibility when it comes to honor. Losing your honor might undoubtedly portray as the worst deed in this culture. In a Chronicle of a Death Foretold the author Gabriel Marquez demonstrates the horrifying actions taken when losing one’s honor. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the events that occurred in the novel and compare them to the same the culture and also the outcomes of goingRead MoreAnalysis Of Judith Cofer s Article And The Myth Of The Latin Woman Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesgender and culture. Roxanne Gay talks about the difficult struggles that women have to deal with such as the usage of birth control and the process of having an abortion. While Judith Cofer takes a similar route with a few differences. Her article talks specifically about the struggles of a Latin woman. Both articles talk about the obstacles women are faced with while also taking the time to focus on specific topics. â€Å"The Alienable Rights of Women† by Roxanne Gay and â€Å"The Myth o f the Latin Woman† byRead MoreA Chronicle Of A Death Foretold1253 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important aspect of the Latin American culture has everything to do with honor. Women have the biggest responsibility when it comes to honor. Losing your honor might undoubtedly portray as the worst deed in this culture. In a Chronicle of a Death Foretold the author Gabriel Marquez demonstrates the horrifying actions taken when losing one’s honor. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the events that occurred in the novel and compare them to the same the culture and also the outcomes of goingRead MoreAnalysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold969 Words   |  4 Pages The Role of Women in Expressing and Critiquing Latin American Culture in â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold† 10 February 2017 Word count: 1499 The characterization of females within Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez’s â€Å"Chronicles of a Death Foretold† brings to light the ways through which machismo is established and maintained within the novel’s Latin American culture. Such characters bring to light women s exploitation under the influence of this patriarchy, as well as the many ways in which theyRead MoreManifestation of Latin-American Gender Roles in American Media1220 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Manifestation of Latin Gender Roles in American Media Objective The objective of this study is to examine the manifestation of Latin gender roles in American Media. Towards this end, this study will examine the literature in this area of inquiry. Introduction Gender roles are reported to be generally defined as sex-based categories that specify appropriate rules of conduct for males and females in a particular culture or society. Although grounded in biological differences between males and

A Case Study of ENEC-Free-Samples for Students- Myassignement

Question: Discuss about the A case study of ENEC. Answer: Project title Knowledge Management as continuum to sustainable employee and organization development of government sectors in Abu Dhabi in Benchmarking 2030 Vision: A case study of ENEC Overview The aspect of knowledge management is considered as one of the determining factors for sustainable competitive advantages of a business organization. Sustainable employee development is an essential part of organizational development and the accomplishment of the distinct aspect is dependant chiefly upon the factor called knowledge management. As per the aim of Saudi Vision 2030, the entire Saudi Arabias dependence upon oil is required to be reduced and Saudi Arabia would start relying on the alternative sources of economic development (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal 2015). Following the concern and plan of Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia would concentrate on the development of varied service sectors such as health, infrastructure constructive, tourism, education as well as recreation (Wang et al. 2014). On the other the structure and activities of the government sector of UAE has changed over last couple of years by setting its focus on the delivering services and has decided to increase the use of technology. It is needed to mention here that the government sector of UAE is attempting to accomplish the plan of Saudi vision 2030 and thus they are giving privileges to the travel, education, health and knowledge-processing sector (Holtshouse 2013). If the government of UAE is determined to accomplish Vision 2030, then it requires maintaining the sustainable employee and organizational development of the newly emerging business and economic sectors of UAE. For the aforementioned reason, knowledge management can be only the continuum that can push the newly emerging governmental sectors of UAE to the premise of success (Thompson 2017). Key research questions and objectives Following the considered topic of the research proposal, the aim of the considered research project will be to identify how knowledge management can help to maintain a sustainable employee and organizational development in the government sectors of Abu Dhabi in Benchmarking 2030 Vision. Therefore, the accompanying objectives of the research project will be the following To identify the role of knowledge management in maintaining sustainable development To identify the role of knowledge management in having sustainable organization development To identify the current condition of sustainable development in the government sector of Abu Dhabi like the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation To understand the importance of knowledge management as a benchmarking factor for vision 2030 The research questions, which will guide the project in accomplishing its prime aim as well as objectives, will be Q.1 What is the role of knowledge management in maintaining sustainable development? Q.2 What is the role of knowledge management in having sustainable organization development? Q.3 What is the current condition of sustainable development in the government sector of Abu Dhabi like the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation? Q.4 What is the importance of knowledge management as a benchmarking factor for vision 2030? The research project will acquire relevant data as well as an effective analysis based on the research questions made above. Review of relevant literature Knowledge management and theories Knowledge management is considered to be a distinct set or series of measures including identifying, collecting sharing explicit and implicit information to individuals as well as storing them through a business organization. The aspect of knowledge management is perceived through three theories, which are Organizational KM theory, Ecological KM theory and the Techno-centric KM theory (Hislop 2013). As per the Organizational Knowledge Management theory, the aspect of knowledge management is dependent upon individual organizational culture and the theory further focuses on organizational structure and in which way an organization is required to be designed culturally as well as hierarchically. According to the Organizational KM theory, organizational culture and structure are the two main determinants of knowledge management (Dong et al. 2017). On the other hand, the Ecological KM theory gives priority towards organizational people, relationship between employee and management, learning communities and the importance of sharing knowledge. Unlike the Organizational KM theory, the Ecological KM theory focuses on the internal relationship within an organization and individual employee behavior (Wang et al. 2014). Besides these two theories, there is the Techno-centric theory, which concentrates on technology and the design of the process. The focus of the Techno-centric theory is on the process of designing technological helps and technical enablers to facilitate the storage of information flexibly as well as the flow of information (McIver et al. 2013). Knowledge management is an impactful set of activities, which strongly influences people in an organization, process of organizational activities and the technologies of knowledge sharing. Sustainable employee development Employee development is considered to be the procedure of developing employees through varied training programs or any other form of learning procedures with the help of the employers or the peers. Sustainable employee development or sustainable employee engagement is possibly the refined procedure that helps an organization in pursuing sustainable organizational approach (Noe et al. 2014). Employee development itself is an essential procedure for maintaining the sustainable growth as well as maintaining corporate social responsibilities, which is again a statistical procedure for organizational sustainability. Without complete support and active engagement from the employees, it is not possible for an organization to display impressive sustainable approaches (AF Ragab and Arisha 2013). According to the behavioral management theory, organizational leadership is the chief factor that determines the accomplishment of successful employee development as well as employee engagement (Hende rson and Boje 2015). The behavioral management theory of employee development is indicative of the fact that managers or organizational leaders are at the first place to make a worthwhile contribution to the sustainable employee development. It is the responsibility of the managers of an organization to treat employees as a significant asset of the organization, so that they can easily achieve the organizational goal (Flamholtz and Brzezinski 2016). Therefore, it is understandable that the behavioral management theory is indicative of the fact that motivation from the management is the key for a successful employee development and engagement. According to the perspective of the distinct theory, motivation is the internal procedure that is supposed to direct the enduring behavior of the employees (Geparth et al. 2014). Therefore, for successful employee development, there is the requirement for transformational and transactional leadership, which are considered as the two leadership styles through which m anagers can successfully pursue a motivational conduct. According to 2012 Global Workforce Study, a survey of more near about 32,000 employees across more than 30 countries has shown that employers need to focus on sustainable engagement of the employees for making an impressive approach to the sustainable organizational development. Sustainable organizational development The phrase organizational sustainability is indicative of the continuous growth of an organization. As per Geparth et al. (2014), sustainable organizational development means acquiring success of today without compromising the requirements of the future. However, according to the Charter of the Sustainability Committee, sustainable development of a business organization means the particular ability to accomplish the needs of the existing customers while taking into account the needs of future generation. According to the Organizational development theory, organizational development is a field of research, theory, a distinct practice dedicated to the organizational attempt to expand the knowledge as well as effective performance of the people in an organization. Therefore, according to the Organizational development theory, sustainable organizational development is a procedure of continuously diagnosing, making plans, implementing, evaluating performances and transferring the knowledg e as well as the skills to improve organizational capability for improving the capacity to solve problems as well as managing the changes in future (Flamholtz and Brzezinski 2016). According to the Organizational development theory, organizational climate is the personality of an organization and it is entirely dependent upon organizational culture and the organizational strategies. All the aforementioned components altogether are necessary for pursuing a successful and sustainable organizational development. Government sectors of Abu Dhabi and Vision 2030 The government sector of Abu Dhabi has been undergoing rapid changes as per the reason; the country is reducing their dependence upon to the oil and gas exploration and production industry and concentrating on the other sources of income. The government sector of Abu Dhabi is understandably following the concern of Saudi Vision 2030 (Thompson 2017). According to the Governance Model of Saudi Vision 2030, the Abu Dhabi will acquire a vibrant society, a thriving economy as well as become an ambitious nation by the end of 2030. Therefore, according to the plan of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030, all the provisions of Saudi Arabia will reduce their economic dependence upon oil and gas industry and they will rely on the alternatives sources of economy (Alshahrani and Alsadiq 2014). In this context, it is essential to mention that the fundamental goals of Vision 2030 is to strengthen the sovereign fund and make it acknowledgeable globally, to get freedom from oil, to substract Aramco, to successf ully apply the green card system and to increase the number of pilgrims. Additionally, the aim of the Vision 2030 is also to increase the number of private employment sector, increase employment, and strengthen the military industry, to work more on the housing projects and finally work more to stop the ongoing corruption (Albassam 2015). In order to accomplish the mission of the Saudi Vision 2030, it will be necessary to develop the business sector of Abu Dhabi and other parts of Saudi Arabia consistently. Therefore, the government sector of Abu Dhabi and other parts of Saudi Arabia needs to use strong strategies to pursue knowledge management for making sustainable employee development. ENEC The ENEC or the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation is a governmental entity that is responsible for the deployment, ownership as well as operations of the Nuclear energy plants in the forefront of United Arab Emirates. The mission of ENEC is to provide safe, clean, efficient as well as reliable energy from nuclear power to the UAE grid for building a sustainable capability to the nuclear sector. The ENEC is also responsible for ensuring complete alignment with the energy strategy of UAE. The accompanying vision of ENEC is to facilitate an empowered future growth of UAE by providing a sustainable as well as civil program of Nuclear energy (Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat 2015). For ENEC, safety and integrity of the employee is prioritized first and it has been also identified that the organization believes in being transparent, accurate as well as factual to the community and to the employees through their communication. Therefore, it is understandable that for the distinct organization of UAE, it is essential to pursue a sustainable approach for the community as well as for the employees. Research methodology Following the research aim, objectives and questions, it is understandable that the research will require empirical study and a metaphysical standpoint. In order to conduct the study in a systematic way to acquire fruitful result, the research project is required to be pursued with an appropriate research philosophy, research design and approach. Considering the chosen topic of the research project, the accompanying research philosophy will be the philosophy of positivism. The philosophy of positivism helps a research to be pursued through a positive data of different experiences. The philosophy will help in conducting the research logically and to accompany the considered philosophy above, the research paper will work through a deductive approach. A deductive approach will help in extracting a generalized as well as logical understanding from varied premises. It is one of the chief concerns of the project to identify the role of knowledge management on sustainable employee developme nt and further organizational development. Thus, the paper would require following a deductive method to reach to a suitable perception. On the other hand, the in terms of research design or research type, it has been identified that both the qualitative and quantitative method of primary research will be necessary to pursue. However, the research paper will not follow the secondary research method as per the reason the research needs to prioritize human perceptions through observation and practical situations. Considering the aforementioned necessity, the concerned research paper will consider two types of research designs. First, will be the descriptive research design through which the paper would collect data to add additional information and explain them regarding the selected topic. Besides that, for analyzing the case study of ENEC, the research will adopt the explanatory design in order to concentrate on the current projects taken by the government body. It can be anticipated here that with the help of the casual research or explanatory research design, the paper can properly assess the case study of ENEC. At the same time, the paper can successfully evaluate the impact of knowledge management on sustainable organizational development in general. However, in terms of collecting data and sampling, it has been mentioned before that the paper will conduct quantitative as well as qualitative researches. Thus, following the particular decision, the paper will conduct a pilot study on 20 individual focus groups. In terms of the quantitative method, the pilot study will be procured in order to have a clear and concise understanding about employee development. More particularly, through a pilot study, the paper will get idea about some motivating factors like e learning and gamification for achieving organizational development. On the other hand, in terms of a qualitative research, the paper will pursue a case study through an explanatory approach to the current projects of the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporate. In terms of research tools, for the quantitative research analysis, survey questionnaire will be conducted online and thereafter the analysis will be done through a descriptive analysis. The reliability or validity of the data will be assessed for testing the hypothesis. Research outcomes Following the proposed methodology and literature review, it can be anticipated that if the research paper will be pursued systematically according to each proposed step, then it will possibly give impressive outcome for the objectives. Firstly, it can be expected that the research paper will provide an impressive extent of understanding about the role and effect of knowledge management on sustainable development of business organization. Secondly and more precisely, the research paper will provide an in-depth understanding about the importance of knowledge management in the sustainable development of the government sectors of Abu Dhabi. Thirdly, it is expected that through the research project, the researcher will establish a concise perception about the role of knowledge management as a benchmarking aspect for vision 2030. Finally, through analysis the case study of ENEC, the paper will make sure that there are evidences of the fact that knowledge management is essential for the su stainable growth of the government sectors. Timescale In order to accomplish all the aforementioned methods systematically and fruitfully, it will be important to pursue the following timescale Activities 1st to 3rd Week 4th to 10th week 11th to 13th Week 14th to 17th Week 18th to 21st Week 22nd to 23rd Week 24th Week Selection of the topic Data collection from primary sources and analysis the case study Creating layout Literature review Analysis and interpretation of collected data Findings of the data Conclusion of the study Formation of draft Submission of final work Following the above timescale, the research project will have to follow the above-designed time-scale and as per the time-scale, the research project has to focus on the literature review, primary and secondary data collection and analysis of them chiefly References AF Ragab, M. and Arisha, A., 2013. Knowledge management and measurement: a critical review.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(6), pp.873-901. Albassam, B.A., 2015. Economic diversification in Saudi Arabia: Myth or reality?.Resources Policy,44, pp.112-117. Almansoori, A. and Betancourt-Torcat, A., 2015. Design optimization model for the integration of renewable and nuclear energy in the United Arab Emirates power system.Applied Energy,148, pp.234-251. Alshahrani, M.S.A. and Alsadiq, M.A.J., 2014.Economic growth and government spending in Saudi Arabia: An empirical investigation. International Monetary Fund. Becerra-Fernandez, I. and Sabherwal, R., 2015.Knowledge management. Routledge,. Dong, Y., Bartol, K.M., Zhang, Z.X. and Li, C., 2017. Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual?focused transformational leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(3), pp.439-458. Flamholtz, E.G. and Brzezinski, D., 2016. Strategic Organizational Development and Growing Pains: Empirical Evidence from Europe.International Review of Entrepreneurship,14(1). Geparth, R., Savall, H., Zardet, V. and Bonnet, M., 2014. Organizational Development and Measurement: Toward A New Direction. In5me colloque et sminaire doctoral international de l'ISEOR-AOM(p. 17). Henderson, T. and Boje, D.M., 2015.Organizational development and change theory: Managing fractal organizing processes(Vol. 11). Rout Hislop, D., 2013.Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holtshouse, D.K., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. McIver, D., Lengnick-Hall, C.A., Lengnick-Hall, M.L. and Ramachandran, I., 2013. Understanding work and knowledge management from a knowledge-in-practice perspective.Academy of Management Review,38(4), pp.597-620. Noe, R.A., Wilk, S.L., Mullen, E.J. and Wanek, J.E., 2014. Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), pp.153-189. Thompson, M.C., 2017. SAUDI VISION 2030: A VIABLE RESPONSE TO YOUTH ASPIRATIONS AND CONCERNS?.Asian Affairs,48(2), pp.205-221. Wang, S., Noe, R.A. and Wang, Z.M., 2014. Motivating knowledge sharing in knowledge management systems: A quasifield experiment.Journal of Management,40(4), pp.978-1009. Wang, S., Noe, R.A. and Wang, Z.M., 2014. Motivating knowledge sharing in knowledge management systems: A quasifield experiment.Journal of Management,40(4), pp.978-1009.

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous †Shoemaker (NEAR)

Introduction The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR) was launched in 1996. It was designed at Johns Hopkins University. The spacecraft was named in respect of the great planetary scientist known as Eugene Shoemaker. It was a computerized space explorer aimed at helping to conduct a study of asteroid Eros from a close distance. After the robot orbited around Eros from a close distance for some time, it finally landed on the asteroid in 2001 (Stathopoulos para. 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The spacecraft explorer was aimed at reporting back on the features of the Eros. These included the magnetic field properties of the asteroid, the kind of minerals available and the composition of the asteroid. Other objectives of the project included understanding the regolith features, the state of its spin, ef fects of solar wind on the asteroid and probable current activity. This could have made it possible for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to understand the asteroid well plus know its relationship to comets and other heavenly bodies (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Centre para. 1-3). The NEAR Shoemaker. The journey to asteroid Eros After its launch, the spacecraft entered its first cruise stage. This stage had limited activity and only took a few days before it traversed across asteroid 253 Mathilde which is 61km in diameter. While flying at about 1200km from Mathilde, NEAR was able to record and send back about 500 images that it could capture on the surface of Mathilde. The spacecraft also sent back information about the gravitational data making it possible for the mission controllers to calculate the diameter and mass of asteroid Mathilde (Stathopoulos para. 2). Failure of the first attempt The spacecraft was expected to un dergo four rendezvous burns. To ensure that this worked as planned, the spacecraft underwent a test in December 20, 1998. The first burn cycle was launched but abandoned immediately. Subsequently, the spacecraft got into safe mode and started going up.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During this glitch, the spacecraft’s thrusters were fired many times stretching the spacecraft’s propellant by 29kgs. The spacecraft’s battery got drained as well as its solar orientation interrupted. The error almost led to total loss of the spacecraft. It took 24 hours before the mission control team could spot the spacecraft (Williams para. 2). During this period, no communication was possible between NEAR and the control team. Till now, it has never been established the root cause of this glitch. However, there are those who blame the error to software malfunction while ot hers blame the mission control team (Williams para. 4). It was expected that after the four burns were completed, orbit insertion burn would follow. However, failure of the first burn and subsequent loss of communication between the mission control team and the spacecraft rendered the procedure unfeasible. A new procedure had to be put in place immediately to ensure that the project continued without further interruptions. This made it possible for NEAR to draw closer to Eros and fly by it at a distance. Moreover, it was possible to capture images on the surface of Eros using a camera and record data regarding the asteroid’s gravitational action. On January 3, 1999 a thruster burn was performed to synchronize the orbital speed of the spacecraft with that of the asteroid. It was later followed by another burn that facilitated in fine-tuning the path of the spacecraft (Stathopoulos para. 3). Image of Eros taken by NEAR. Orbital insertion On 14 February, 2000 the mission contr ol team managed to conduct an orbital insertion. This was after the spacecraft had gone around Eros for thirteen months tracing a trajectory that closely matched that of the asteroid. Before orbital insertion was conducted, the team reduced the orbiting speed of NEAR from 19.3 to 8.1 m/s (Stathopoulos para. 4).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Later the speed was slightly increased to 9.9 m/s. To ensure that the spacecraft did not come into collision with other satellites orbiting the asteroid, the teamed conducted a search to ensure that there are no satellites. No satellite was found. With time, the spacecraft’s orbit was reduced drawing it closer to the asteroid which eventually led to it landing on Eros. Orbits and landing From January 24 2001, the spacecraft started drawing closer to the asteroid starting by orb iting at 6 km away from Eros. By January 28, the spacecraft was 3km away from the asteroid. The spacecraft then gradually descended towards the surface of the asteroid and landed on 12 February the same year (Stathopoulos para. 4-6). The landing was safe leaving the spacecraft in sound condition; to the surprise of the controllers. When on the surface, its gamma-ray spectrometer was used in collecting information about the asteroid’s composition. This gave back a more accurate information than the one that had been collected when NEAR was orbiting around Eros. The last data signals to be received from the spacecraft reached the mission control team on February 28, 2001. The spacecraft was later shut down. An attempt by the control team to communicate with NEAR on December 10, 2002 did not bear fruits. This was attributed to high temperature that was experienced in Eros during the check out (Yeomans para. 1-4). Image taken as NEAR descended towards Eros’ surface. Works Cited National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Centre. â€Å"NEAR.† Web.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stathopoulos Vic. â€Å"Near Shoemaker.† Web. Williams, David R. â€Å"NEAR Flyby of Asteroid 253 Mathilde.† Web. Yeomans, Don. â€Å"NEAR-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR).† Web. This report on Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (NEAR) was written and submitted by user Terrance R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.